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MATHS TALENT TEST SCORES RELEASED OVERALLS

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RADIATION


Radiation is two types:


1: electromagnetic radiation(EMR)
2: nuclear radiation

  • radiation is nothing but the emission of energy by the decay of atom(nuclear radiation) or the combination of electricity and magnetic energy(EMR).
  • EMR at low frequency(lower end spectrum) is used in radios and cellphones, microwaves, infrared rays, high-frequency EMR(ultraviolet rays, gamma rays,x rays, etc,.


  • electromagnetic radiation invented by the JAMES CLERK MAXWELL.
  • nuclear radiation is invented by MARIE CURIE(the first Nobel prized women).
  • EMR is pure energy, this can be used in our daily artificial life.
  • example of nuclear radiation generation elements;
  • RADON element number in the periodic table is 86, radon gas is natural gas. mass number is 222.
  • URANIUM element number in the periodic table is 92, it is a natural element.

NOTE:


banana contains potassium isotope.if we eat more than 174 in a day we will die. due to the cause of radiation. it is a natural example.

everywhere in the natural radiation is exist.but it is not dangerous to us.

and also remember that isotopes are the radiation emitters.isotope is nothing but each of two or more forms of an element contains the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.

due to the continuous exposure of ionizing radiation causes acute exposure. which means human to cause cellular disfunction, cancer, death.

but human exposures are rare in daily life.

NOTE 2:


sievert scientist explains the radiation exposure calculation by the Sievert calculating method.

sievert number 1 causes the human nausea effect.
sievert number 6 causes human death.


NUCLEAR RADIATION:

about particles:


  1. alpha is the positively charged particle, a massive particle. invented by the scientist RUTHERFORD.
  2. beta is the negatively charged particle, less massive particle. invented by the RUTHERFORD.
  3. gamma is the light particle, it has no charge, massive less. (photon)invented by the PAUL.


NOTE 3:

  • the paper does not allow the alpha particle;
  • aluminum does not allow the beta particle;
  • lead does not allow the gamma particles. (more dangerous to us)
  • Nuclear fission is nuclear radiation. nothing but the splitting of atoms into several parts.

URANIUM FISSION:


Unstable uranium 235 get strike by the neutron causes to the splitting of its elements into krypton, barium,3 neutrons.
these 3 neutrons again strike the uranium 235 and this is like a chain reaction. a huge amount of energy is generated by this
chain reaction.this is similar in the atomic bomb.

92 uranium 235: 235 is the atomic weight(total no.of nucleus);92 is the atomic number(total no.of protons and electrons).

[P+E=N]
[1.00728(a.m.u)+0.0005486(a.m.u)=1.0078286(a.m.u)]


ALPHA RADIATION:


U(238/92)→He(4/2)+Th(234/90) another alpha radiation formula with the thorium.

Th(230/90)→He(4/2)+Ra(226/88).


BETA RADIATION:

Thorium(234) is a nucleus that undergoes beta decay.

Th(90/230)→He(24)+Ra(88/226)

GAMMA RADIATION(photons):


URANIUM (238/92)→THORIUM(234/90)+HELIUM(4/2)+200 MEV (GAMMA)


URANIUM 238 DECAY CHAIN:


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ALKANES AND ALKENES,ALKYNES

ALKANES: these are also called paraffin. alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. the formula of alkanes (CnH2n+2). when the H atom is removed from the alkane then it is replaced by the name of alkyl. the formula for alkyl is (Cn H2n+1). the carbon atom in it shows the sp3 hybridization. the bond length is equal to 1.54°A. ALKENES: these are also called as olefins means form oil products. it possess a double bond between them. the formula is (CnH2n). the carbon atom in it shows the sp2 hybridization. the bond length is equal to 1.34°A. ALKYNES: these are also called as acetylenes. the formula for this is (Cn H2n-2). the carbon atom in it possesses a triple bond and also shows the linear shape means it is in an sp hybridization. the bond length is equal to 1.20°A.
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